Unit_4

The Frontier:
An idea/ concept which..... - A Empty land waiting for settlement and oppurtunities - American Image of the far American West - Where there are opuurtunities, resources, challenges - An idea of the great American west waiting to develop, but having to work for(Take advantage of the new frontier). - Myth v. Reality

Development of West Through Buffaloes, Transcontinental Railroads and Chinese
Many of the tribes in the west depended on Buffalo hunting to make a living. Buffaloes were their resources of food, clothing, tools and weapons, they used all the parts to produce their demands. Buffalos provided the economical basis of the western Indians, which then tied into the development of the west befrore the white domination of the region.
 * Buffaloes:**

By the 1870's, as the Chinese were excluded from the mining works, over 12,000 of them found jobs in building the transcontinental railroads Over 90 percent of the railroad building labor was formed by Chinese workers. . The transcontinental railroad brought the far west together with the Capitalistic east, which then eastern settlers migrated to the west attemping to look for a new society. The Homestad Act of 1862 allowed farmers to own 160 acres of land for 5 years just for a little cost. But the act made few sucesses, 160 acres of land was not enough for planting and make a living for the family, soon the farmers abandoned their land. The government in response to the demand, issued the Cultural Act and the Desert Land act, to distribute large amounts of land for a low cost.
 * Transcontinental Railroads:**

Companies illegally registrating to acquire land, and gained millions of acres of public land. As soon as these land were occupied, political organizations divided up the land into regions for easier organization, soon admission of statehood was passes by congress, new states were added. Such as the Dakotas, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Nebraska, Arizona and Idaho.

The Chinese:
After the Gold rush a flow of 200,000 of Chinese immigrants rushed into California. At first they were considered consciencious and hard working men, however soon, since they were so productive and industrious the white began to considered them rivals, the attitude turn towards hostile. They were willing to work for a long time for low wages, they made up over 90% of the railroad building laborers.

Not only that they were excluded from the mining jobs, in 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act banning all immgration from China and barring them from a lot of the jobs. Even so, their work on building the railroad contributed a lot to the development of the west coast.

* Government Policies Aiding the Development
Homestead Acts, the Culture Acts aiding the development of the far west.
 * Enforcing the American Dream, owning land and home
 * Welfare Capitalism, g.overnment interfering the economy

Myth v. Reality

 * =  || **Myths** || **Reality** ||
 * Unhabited West || The land was only of deserts || A diverse of climates, from humid to arid ||
 * Adventrous Cowboy Life || Cowboy's lives were oftern adventrous || Farming life was lonely and tideous ||
 * Empty Land || The land was empty and waiting for exploration || The land was already occupied by Natives and Mexicans ||
 * Gold Mining Everywhere || Gold was spread through all the lands of west coast || Not very much was contained, and little gold was mined ||
 * Frontier || The land of oppurtunities, unsettled, only for the whites || The land was settled, often they had to compete with the ones already there, occasionally they became conquering instead of settling on the western land. ||
 * The American Dream || Everybody would have their own farmland || Little people was able to own land, even those who had land barely made any profit. ||

Chapter 17 Industrial Supremacy / 2nd Industrial Revolution Preview
p.470 - 475

New managing techniques. Consolidating? Modern Colossus of Rail Roads (Cornelius Vanderbilt) Synonym of Enourmous wealth Capitalism v. Critics Survival of fittest (Social Darwinism) Myth of self made men Gospel of Wealth Rise of big businesses = open & free competition = rise of more capitalism

Research on Horizontal/Vertical Integration
Definition: One business expands to another similar product, or buying the competitors. Horizontal Integration would eventually led to an monopoly in the industrial. Example: A business of department store expand from clothing, to shoes, furnitures and home electronics. OR: One bank buying up another bank.
 * Horizontal Integration**

Definition: A business expands to the industries supplying it. Would produce almost a complete monopoly. Could be owning the companies which supplies the materials, but also could be shipping and distributing by themselves THere are 3 types of VI''s. Upstream(backward), downstream( foward ), and balanced Example: While running a department store of clothing, the business also bought the factory, the designers and the shippings. Foward: Designer -> Factory -> Store Backward: Designer <- Factory<- Store Balanceced: One company dominates supplies, manufacture, and distribute.
 * Vertical Integrations**

Diagram of both horizontal and veritcal

Connection Between Capitalism, Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth and Inequality

 * Capitalism v. Social Darwinism**

In an open competition between businesses, would be like animals competing for survival. The animals better adapted to the enviroment would be more likely to survive. Just as in businesses, the one businesses had the advantage would be more likely to survive and expand

Example from the 2nd industrial revolution: Other oil company competing againse Rockerfeller's Standard oil, they were not able to compete because they didn't had a leader like Rockerfeller, which end up being bought by standard oil.

It is the duty of the wealthy to help out the poors, to advance social progress, it would demonstrate exactly what inequality is.Inequality could be in terms of distribution of wealth or acess to oppurtunities. In either terms the Gospel of Wealth could be applied to. The wealthy can share their inequality distributed wealth with the poors, or they can share the oppurtunities they have with the ones who does not have acess to such oppurtunities. However, it was after all for the benefit of the wealthy, it would help them get more laborers. But it was an responsibility to use such wealth to improve society, not only for ones benefit.
 * Gospel of Wealth v. Inequality**

Urbanization of the 1890's and 1900's


Usually Urban residents could not afford an a house, instead most of them lived in tenements, or small apartments in horrible conditions In Manhattan, population density was about 143 person/ acre. Tenements were built, but usually in horrible conditions, windowless, too hot or too cold, and too crowded.

Skyscraper in Ohio, 1906

Skyscrapers first begin to appear in the 1870s, the first one was built in NewYork, with seven floors and first with an elevator. As the skyscraper construction began to improve, Steel Gorder Construction was a technique used in building these skyscrapers.

Henry Ford's assembly line in the 1900's. Henry Ford first invented the assembly line which made mas production faster, and requires less skilled workers, as well as satisfying the demand for mass assumption of market. Price was signigficantlly cut, from $950 in 1914 to $290 in 1929, for one Ford Model T.



National Population Density of the U.S. in 1900. From the deep blue concerntrated in the eastern urban area shows that majority of the residents, no matter natives or immigrants lived in the cities by the 1900s. But the major contribution to such concerntration was immigrants from all over Europe, and as well as Asia. In cities the population density was as high as 150 - 100,000 person per square mile, an extremely high density for little land.

Road paved in Pennsylvania, 1900

Roads were beginning to be paved in the cities, however the speed couldn't be caught up with the immigration population by 1890 Chicago had only paved 600 out of 2,000 miles of the street it has.

Chapter 18 Questions
1) What were the positives and negatives of urbanization?


 * Positives || Negatives ||
 * * Development of new tenements and skyscrapers
 * Development of public spaces
 * Women's rights
 * Developing factories
 * More modern
 * Public Educations expanded
 * New, better leisures
 * Fighting for a better working condition
 * Mass consumptions led development of chain stores
 * New trends in literature and Art || * Water pollution / Ari pollution
 * Rising Crime rates
 * Condition of tenement
 * Ethnic issue
 * Competition for jobs between natives and immigrants
 * Immigrants being excluded
 * Urban Machines and corrupted bosses
 * Chain Stores competiting with independent stores ||

2) During the “Age of the City,” how did American consumer culture and leisure culture each change?


 * Mass consumption became the trend and led the development of department stores and chain stores
 * Leisures became part of the daily life, no longer equated to sloth
 * Baseball became the national sport
 * Development of modern day leisures, like theater performances and movies.
 * In rural areas catalog and mail shopping became part of mass consuming
 * From costume made to mass production
 * Leisures not only of America, but influences from immigrants as well
 * Market and economy. Consumer: How people is buying things in the economy
 * Department store, more products available/ Faster production. Brought lots of products under one store roof. change the culture of shopping. People began shopping for fun, not only necessity
 * Industrialization created oppurtunities for more free time.

3) What is the difference between popular culture and high culture? Explain with specific details and examples.


 * Popilar culture is the interest of the main stream. For example, a popular leisure of the working class would be gathering with friends, the high culture leisure of the middle class would be attending theater shows.
 * Popular culture of the working class including mass communication, while the higher class would enjoy new literature and arts protraying the new cities developing. The middle class believed in the Darwinism, survival of the fittests and theory of evolution is similar to competition in cities and developing urban areas.
 * But before, leisure was a term for the middle class, since for the working class it only means going to church on sundays, while the middle class women gather and read, or the rich men enjoying their entertainment.

4) What changes in education occurred during this “Age of the City?”


 * Since in cities, skilled labors and researchers became necessary, the expansion of public education became a demand.
 * The free public primary and secondary education rapidly spread around the country, by 1914 it was over 12,000
 * In some cases segregated school was developing as well, reformers believe by sending them to education would "civilized " the indians. Also there were segregated black schools as well.
 * Colleges developed due to the land grant act after the civil war, and the distribution of corporations looking for more educated scientists for their researches.
 * Women college began to appear, women were able to attend a higher education after highschool education career. These college were not treating women as if they were secondary citizens.
 * Faculties of the women college were usually unmarried, showing the ambition of women wanting to be liberated from the restrictions being put on to them by history and culture

5) How was urbanization related to industrialization?
 * Industrialization led to urbanization
 * Industrialized led to new technologies and inventions later used in the development of the cities
 * More modern technology was needed for the stability of the factories, in the area near it, which is cities
 * The demands for labor attracted population to occupy the cities
 * New leisures and modern cultures developed in cities as a result of a diverse source of labor population
 * Industrialization created many middle classmen who contributes to the development of the cities
 * The demand for skilled labor and educated labors led the spread of public education
 * Places industrialized would eventually become urban, since it was away from rural.

Chapter 20 - The Imperial Republic
Defining Imperialism : -ism : A practice, idea, belief. Extension of influence, power and control internationally. New Manifest Destiny The practice of expansion through __colonization__, Or acquiring territories, in terms of manifest destiny would be expanding abroad. Expansion could be economical or politically,or could be territorial expansion. but more of all is for the market, raw materials and cheap labor. Imperialism the belief in or practice of, Imperialist is the people who believe or practice it. Bringing the undeveloped world to the control industrial power. __Protectorate__ __Sphere of Influence__

Ex: Territorial Expansion: __Annexation__ of Hawaii Political & Economical Influence: Venezuelan Dispute Imperialism as a result of industrialization


 * Motivations for Imperialism**
 * Closing of Fromtier
 * New Manifest Destiny
 * Economical Expansion (Markets, costumers)
 * Competition with foreign nations
 * Late comers and did not want to be left out
 * Spanish-American War
 * Fearing the lack of resource
 * The need for a foreign market due to over production
 * Darwinism* a justification
 * Increase millitary power / Strategic locations for millitary bases
 * Spread of Christianity / Democracy
 * Trying to civilized those 'uncivilized nations'.
 * Without colonies, it is hard to launch into a major world power
 * Examples of American Imperialism**
 * Hawaii : Resources, location
 * Puerto Rico: Results from the Spanish American War
 * Philippines: Over the course of the War against Spain, but failed
 * U.S. Virgin Islands: Disputed with British and bought from Denmark

Thesis Of American History - 1781 - 1915
From 1781 through 1915, America struggled to form itself as one nation of individual state and its own culture, then rapidly expand acorss the continent and launch into a major Capitalist world power.

Livia's Thesis: From 1781 to 1915, the United States went from being a small, struggling nation to becoming a threatening power to even the most powerful nations. Americans had expanded as much as some of the most powerful nations and had developed their own culture independent of their European predecessors.
 * War for Independence
 * Written of Constitution
 * Expanding into indian lands
 * Capitalist economy developed
 * Expand further west
 * Struggled for equality
 * Civil War

Mona's Thesis: Between the years of 1781 and 1915, the United States had been driven by manifest destiny, nationalism, and the advancement as well as expansion of their economy in addition to their societies their societies. America had developed their own cultures and became one of the more powerful nations in the world.


 * 1781 - 1800's Factors of American Development**
 * Immigration
 * Industrialization
 * Manifest Destiny
 * Back and forth between national and sectionalism

Group Thesis: From 1781 to 1915, America history is characterized by the back and forth shift between sectional and nationalism, the industrialization process developed an capitalist economy, and the manifest destiny which helped the expansion in the territories of the nation and the interaction with the different races.