Research+Essay

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 * Possible Topics:**

U.S. relation w/ CHN

Immigration from CHN and parts of Asia barred 1880's Open Door Policy CHN Civil War b4 1949 Cold War (Korea & Viet War)

Focus: Sino-American Relation since after Nixon Nixon Visit 1972 Tiananmen Riot (Block in CHN but open in U.S.) 1989 Google problem/ Net Blocking Current Pressure over S/N Korea Recent Visit between Pres.Obama and Hu Currency Imbalance

> __[]__ > __[]__ > __[]__ > __[]__ > __[]__ > __[]__ > __[]__ > __[]__ > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__ || * The first step towards the Sino-American, before the Cold War had actually ended. The Basic relations between the two nations which had once been in tension over their views on society and international position.
 * Notes**
 * Evidence || Analysis ||
 * * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: auto;">Establishment of U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, 1973. Nixon visited China in 1972 and agreed to the "Shanghai Communiqué" of February 27, 1972, in which both nations agree to begin diplomatic relations. As part of the effort, on May 1, 1973, the United States opened the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing ,dealing with issues in the Sino relationship . China created a counterpart PRC office in Washington D.C. in the same year." - From: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: auto;">[]
 * 1979, The U.S. withdrew recognition of Taiwan (Republic of China)
 * "The U.S. has conducted 13 rounds of human rights dialogue with China since Tiananmen. The most recent round took place in May 2010, led by Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Michael Posner and Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Director General for International Organizations Chen Xu. Discussion topics included religious freedom, labor rights, freedom of expression, rule of law, racial discrimination, and multilateral cooperation. The U.S. and China laid a foundation to continue these discussions in the future and agreed to a next round of dialogue to be held in China in 2011." From: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__
 * "The United States and China have been engaged in an active program of bilateral environmental cooperation since the mid-1990s, with an emphasis on clean energy technology and the design of effective environmental policy. While both governments view this cooperation positively, China has often compared the U.S. program, which lacks a foreign assistance component, with those of Japan and several European Union (EU) countries that include generous levels of aid."
 * " In late 1978, the Chinese also became concerned over Vietnam's efforts to establish open control over Laos and Cambodia. In response to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, China fought a brief border war with Vietnam (February-March 1979) with the stated purpose of "teaching Vietnam a lesson." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__
 * "Sharp differences between China and the Soviet Union persisted over Soviet support for Vietnam's continued occupation of Cambodia, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Soviet troops along the Sino-Soviet border and in Mongolia--the so-called "three obstacles" to improved Sino-Soviet relations."
 * "As the Defense Department's 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review noted, the United States welcomes the positive benefits that can accrue from greater cooperation with China, but has questions about the nature of China’s military development and decision-making processes. The United States has repeatedly called for China to provide greater transparency about its capabilities and intentions, and the U.S. views military exchanges, visits, and other forms of engagement as useful tools in advancing this goal, provided they have substance and are fully reciprocal."
 * "When President Obama and President Hu met in November 2009, they made a commitment to take concrete steps to advance “sustained and reliable” military-to-military relations. U.S. and Chinese militaries are also considering ways in which the two countries might cooperate on humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and peacekeeping operations such as counter-piracy."
 * "In 1996, it signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and agreed to seek an international ban on the production of fissile nuclear weapons material. As of July 2010, China had not yet ratified the CTBT, though in their November 2009 meeting, President Obama and President Hu committed to pursue ratification of the CTBT as soon as possible and to work together for its early entry into force.....In May 2004, with the support of the United States, China became a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. " <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__
 * "Since early 1979, the United States and China have initiated hundreds of joint research projects and cooperative programs under the Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology, the largest bilateral program." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">__[]__
 * "The expanding relationship that followed normalization was threatened in 1981 by Chinese objections to the level of U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. Secretary of State Alexander Haig visited China in June 1981 in an effort to resolve Chinese questions about America's unofficial relations with Taiwan. Eight months of negotiations produced the U.S.-China joint communiqué of August 17, 1982. In this third communiqué, the United States stated its intention to reduce gradually the level of arms sales to Taiwan, and the Chinese described as a fundamental policy their effort to strive for a peaceful resolution to the Taiwan question."
 * "Relations between the United States and China were severely strained by the tragic accidental bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in May 1999. By the end of 1999, relations began to gradually improve. In October 1999, the two sides reached agreement on humanitarian payments for families of those who died and those who were injured as well as payments for damages to respective diplomatic properties in Belgrade and China. Relations further cooled when, in April 2001, a Chinese F-8 fighter collided with a U.S. EP-3 reconnaissance aircraft flying over international waters south of China. The EP-3 was able to make an emergency landing on China's Hainan Island despite extensive damage; the P.R.C. aircraft crashed with the loss of its pilot. Following extensive negotiations, the crew of the EP-3 was allowed to leave China 11 days later, but the U.S. aircraft was not permitted to depart for another 3 months."
 * "U.S. China policy has been consistent. For eight consecutive administrations, Democratic and Republican, U.S. policy has been to encourage China's opening and integration into the global system. As a result, China has moved from being a relatively isolated and poor country to one that is a key participant in international institutions and a major trading nation. The United States encourages China to play an active role as a responsible stakeholder in the international community, working with the United States and other countries to support and strengthen the international system that has enabled China's success. In the words of Secretary Clinton, the U.S. wants to “develop a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive relationship with China.” Senior State Department officials engage in regular and intensive discussions with their P.R.C. counterparts through the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue."
 * "Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (9-11) in New York City and Washington, DC, China offered strong public support against terrorism and has been an important partner in U.S. counterterrorism efforts. Shortly after 9-11, the United States and China also commenced a Counterterrorism Sub-Dialogue, conducting its seventh round of talks in September 2009."
 * "While the United States looks forward to building a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive relationship with China--a message reiterated by President Obama when he met with President Hu in April 2009 in London--there remain areas of potential disagreement. The United States does not support Taiwan independence and opposes unilateral steps, by either side, to change the status quo. At the same time, the United States has made it clear that cross-Strait differences should be resolved peacefully and in a manner acceptable to people on both sides of the Strait."
 * Recently there were debates over The U.S. selling arms to Taiwan, which was openly opposed by China.
 * Debates over human rights had been on cause of the political tension. But also, the cause of the debate was base on the two different views on society and culture.
 * Even though on the surface the two nations seems to be cooperating, but infact there were tensions behind.
 * Besides the U.S., after U.S. troops had withdrawn from Vietnam, China, who once supported Vietnam turned around and decided to goto war with Vietnam.
 * Soviet and Vietnam obstacles, actually improved the Sino American relation.
 * A for recently, both nations have the intensions to cooperate togethet, yet they were not completely trusting each other.
 * Both nations leaders were working towards a better relationship, but the international situation was not allowing such.
 * Both nations held similar views in certian international issues, but cultural difference and political differences might have became the obstacle for two natios to reach an complete agreement.
 * As a result of the first developed relations, the relation had improved, even thought not greatly
 * The development of the relation was not without obstacles, for example the recognition of Taiwan, and the debate over arm-selling.
 * The back and forth tensions in the Sino-American relations.
 * The U.S. has the intentions that to build a better relationship within the Sino-American relations. (Out of good intentions or for political and economical benefits?)
 * Signs of improvment in relation and holding of similar views (in some parts, and to a certain degree)
 * Disagreement over Taiwan remians today. Still an agreement was never reached. ||

Outline

 * Topic/Title**: The "Swing" of the Sino-American Relations
 * Topic Sentence:** The actual Sino-American Relation began with President Richard Nixon's Visit to China in 1972. Both nations were looking forward to a positive relation; However, due to obstacles over the cultural views and political views, the relation seems to be turning into a "swing" relation, going back and forth between tensions and friendliness.


 * Beginning of the relation, 1972 - 1980's:
 * Richard Nixon's visit of China in 1972
 * Opening of the Liaison Office in Beijing, 1973
 * Post-Vietnam War: PRC vs. Vietnam, 1978
 * Withdrawal of recognition of the Republic of China, 1979
 * Turning Points of the Relation, 1981 - 1990's
 * The "Three Obstacles"
 * U.S. attempt to sell arms to Taiwan, openly objected by China, 1981
 * Collapsing of the Soviet Union, 1982 -1991
 * TianAnMen Riot led withdrawal and suspension of investment and foreign Trade, 1989
 * Consequences: Part of the present day net-blocking issue, Google leaving China in 2010, etc.
 * The Swing, 1990 - 2000
 * The End of the Soviet Union, 1991
 * Bombing of Embassy, 1991
 * The Situation Today, 2000 -
 * Crashing of Plane, Apr 2001Hu meets Obama, 2009 - An agreement to improve the relationship, but agreements over Taiwan remians in disagreement
 * Currency Rate Tension, 2011
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 * Summary of the "Swing"


 * Sites Possible**

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