Unit_6

﻿Unit 6 (Chap 23 - Chap26)

=﻿The U.S. Steps to Joining WW1=


 * Phase 1 : Eruption of War**


 * June 28, 1914** : Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro Hungary was assasinated in Saravejo by a Serbian nationalist. Saravejo was a state of Austria Hungary which the Slavic nationalist wish to invade.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand leaving Saravejo Town Hall


 * August 3, 1914**: With the help of Germany, Austria Hungary and Germany invaded Serbia, and declared war on Russia.

**Phase 2 : Debates in the U.S. over the great war**
The U.S, declared neutral soon after the beginning of war. Britian imposed a naval blockade which cut off sea trade of Germany. A true way to remain neutral was to stop trading with Britain as well, but it couldn't maintain a stable trade economy without trading with any nations. U.S, by the point, made itself more of an allie of Britian, rather than a neutral nation.

Sinking of Lusitania
 * May 7, 1915**: Germany sank a British passenger liner which caused 128 American deaths and thousands of others. Outraged American demanded that not to repeat such actions and violate the rights of the neutral nation. Actions of Germany by the point was not enough to drag the U.S. into war. (Unrestricted Submarine Warfare)


 * Januar****y, 1917:** President Woodrow Wilson propsed a plan for post war order which the U.S. would help maintain a permanent peace by forming an international league.


 * Feburary 25, 1917**: Britian send Wilson a telegram, telling that they had intercepted a German telegram which encouraged Mexico to join the war with Germany, to regained their lost territories (Mostly south western of the U.S..) Then the news was widely publicized with propoganda


 * March 1917:** The Russian Revolution, Peace, Land, Bread, promised the people would quit war due to the change of government. Boshelviks.


 * April 6, 1917 :** Wilson joined the Congress session and declared war on Germany,after 3 American ships were sink by the German submarine.

Characteristics of WW1 Post-War America (1919 - 1921)

 * Economic bust
 * Jobs losts
 * Over production
 * Controversies over the international league treaty
 * Red Scare against communism
 * Race riots in cities after the great migration
 * Increasing of strikes
 * Feminist demand
 * Anti-Radicalism

Chapter 24: The New Era - The Roaring 20's

 * Affluence - Wealth
 * Conservatism - Vauluaing traditions
 * Cultural Frivolity - Spending on leisure and entertainment
 * Flappers - New, young women at the 20's
 * Lots of contrast at the same time / Tension between conservative and change
 * Social, political, economical change
 * Heading towards the chaotic 1930's
 * Introduce of more modern technology
 * Welfare capitalism
 * Consumerism (Consumers became the demand of the time)
 * Advertisements, broadcasting, movies
 * Modern women, flappers, professionals, changing motherhood, birth controls
 * Dances halls, clubs, savoy
 * Decline of self-made men
 * Harlem Renaissance
 * KKK, National Origins Act banning immigration, defending traditional values
 * Republican government in years, Hoover's Associationalism

Decline of Self-Made Man

 * Ideas of professional education was encouraged, that teaching oneself is not enough
 * Only through hard work that one could become sucessful, but less and less skilled labor was required
 * Sucess could only be made from high level professional education.
 * Nowadays, does not exist anymore, all the kids were forced to go to school, and work requires a diploma.
 * Only talent was not enough

Cinemas

 * After WW1, 1/2 of world's theatres were located in America
 * End of WWI - > 1/2 of the world's movie theaters were located in America
 * American supremacy in the film industry.
 * Cinemas in other countries would inspired other nations to make certain movies. Ex. Asian films inspired Americans to make violent films.
 * Hollywood --> became global; was influenced by film-makers in nations all around the world
 * Filming, acting, and marketing expanded internationally.

Dance Halls

 * Change in the urban lifestyles
 * It was a dance craze during the 20's and the 30's
 * The trend of Jazz, both men and women was attending these dance hall parties
 * Enabled young working class to spend their evenings relaxing
 * New music and dance, to show off new clothes and hairstyles
 * Jazz provided a powerful sense, to new, powerful, athletic sensual dances, which young couples find exciting
 * The larger the dance hall, the larger crowd it attracts
 * At times there were already performers in the dance halls.
 * However some less popular dance halls were places where drugs were sold, as well as prostitution
 * Cities had to pass laws regulating these dance halls(Taxi halls)
 * Particularly popular among younger men and women
 * However it was not melting pots, a culture of only America.

Presidency of Herbert Hoover

 * Elected in 1928, inaugurated of 1929, at the time when changes were made.
 * Secretary of Commerce, a role related to the economy.
 * Had a reputation of an experienced expert
 * Associationalism - business to cooperate and work together.
 * Government Hands-Off economy Laizze Faire Capitalism

Causes of the Great Depression

 * Over production due to over expansion
 * Declining in exports - low demands from oversea
 * Many bad loans (Especially farmers trap in debt)
 * Weak Bank management - risky, unregulated (Bad investment for bad loans)
 * Global debt structure (Results of WWI)
 * Lack of diversity in industries, the economy was too depended on a few industry (Car, petroleum, coal etc)
 * Over expansion and slowed down eventually stopped construction, workers gets lay off
 * Uneven distribution of wealth, small population controll big money
 * Over speculation of stock (Invested too much into the stock market)
 * Crash of Stock market

Process of the Great Depression

 * Bank failures
 * Large layoffs
 * Chained: less money being circulated, less products, less profit, more lay off, less money used
 * Lost of property
 * depressing European Stock market

How to Recover a Depressed Market

 * Consumer spending began
 * New employment oppurtunities
 * Creation of a healthier bank system

Government's Role in Recovering the Economy

 * Policies regulating bank systems
 * Put a limit on to the growth of stock market
 * Search for foreign consumers from unaffected areas
 * Increase the Diversity of industries
 * Start a war (?)
 * Limited the maximum income ?, aiding the ones if they do not reach the minimum income line (to keep consumerism up) (Apply for the minimum income aid?)
 * Lower the government spending on some unnecessary areas
 * Prevention
 * Limit bank loans
 * Higher tax rate for rich
 * Federal Deposit insurance

Hoover's Effort to Fight the Great Depression

 * Reconstruction Finance Corporation- a government budget of 1.5 billion to loan to businesses, however at the end only about 20% was lended, and mostly only to big businesses and public projects; provided several jobs.
 * Tried to use volunteerism to keep the economy at where it was, but futher collapse in Europe failed the attempt
 * He tried to use money and aid the economy to keep consumerism going, and to fund public works projects -> to provide some government funded jobs, but a couple of failures made him step back and save the budget. such acts were against Hoover's political philosophy, because it was not laizze faire.
 * Agricultural Act : govenrment aiding farmers by buying surpluses of crops (Lower the supply and keep up the prices of crops), and raise tariff (Hawley Smoot Tariff 1930) to protect vaules of 75 types Agricultural goods. The Europeans responded with the same to America products, international market was slowed down.

Decline of Hoover's Popularity

 * Farmer's Holiday
 * Bonus Army
 * Emergence of FDR
 * Not being re-elected

Hoover as the President

 * Saved the Economy after WWI
 * Republican, California
 * Millionaire, Orphan, Entrepeneur, self-made men
 * Capilists too greedy in capitalism (Bad about capitalism)
 * Did not fully exceed the government's power to recover the economy, too defensive
 * Hooverhotel - card board shack, Hooverville - Shack city,Hoover Flag - empty pocket turned inside out
 * Running a business with a balanced budget

The Major Problems of the Great Depression
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Legacies of the New Deal
-Social Security -Other programs still exist today -Housing -Changed role of federal government in economy and society -FDR - Welfare Capitalism along with social security - Electoral Realignment: More democratic influence. 1933 - 1980 Major democratic contorl in presidency - SEC, FDIC, SC : Agencies still exist today - Government became more of a regulator, people rely more on federal government