Unit_8

﻿Unit 8 (Chapter 31 - Chapter 33)

Kennedy & Johnson
Kennedy: 1961 - 1963, Democrat, Massachusetts
 * Youngest president ever elected
 * Represented Youth of America
 * Change America politically and culturally
 * Best advertiser for capitalism
 * CIA: To secretly over throw the Cuban dictatorship/ Took complete responsibility for the failure
 * Oct 16 1962 - Soviet Union seems to be placing nuclear weapons in Cuba (Height of anxiety of cold war)
 * Refused the air strike on Cuba
 * Choose to negotiate with Soviet Union Leader for a peace
 * Approved the assasination of president of south Viietnam
 * Assasinated in Dallas, Texas
 * Most Traumatic since Pearl Harbor
 * "Don't ask what the country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country"

Johnson: 1963 - 1969 Democrat, Texas
 * To Fullfill JFK's Legecy
 * Johnson treatment: overwhelming to get what he wants(shouting at people's faces)
 * Holding meetings at unformal places
 * Many more new laws for equality, did a lot for African Americans
 * Cutting the number of proverty by half
 * Truman's containment = Johnsons's war
 * Acheived about just about as much as FDR

The VIetnam War
__﻿__ __**Phases of War:**__
 * Many U.S. bases in South Viet and Thailand
 * Ho Chi Minh Trail corsses Laos, which made think that Laos was willing to assist the Viets
 * America had invaded Cambodia


 * **1945 - 1949: France's Attempt Regaining Its Former Colony**
 * France had been trying to regain its influence in it former colony Vietnam which was lost during WWII, and it faced a strong resistance from the VIets. the French government asked for American aid but was rejected; Soon, Ho Chi Minh delcared independence of Vietnam.


 * **1949: Reestablished French Power in Vietnam**
 * Not long after, the French was able to drove Ho Chi Minh out of Hanoi and reestablished its power in Vietnam, and the Truman administration formally recognized the regime.
 * [[image:http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/vietnam-map.gif width="197" height="413" caption="Divided Vietnam"]]
 * **1953 - 1956: America's Rejections**
 * The IndoChina war began resisting the French, the U.S was paying 80% of the French War cost; and it resulted in the defeat of the French troops in Vietnam, without any American aid.


 * **1956: Geneva Convention's Resolution**
 * In the Geneva Conference between France and Vietnam agreed on a seize fire, and a border dividing up north and south, which the north controlled by the Vietminhs and the south controlled by pro-western regimes. In 1956, through an election, the two parts would be reunited.


 * **1956 - 1963: Ngo Dinh Diem vs. NFL**
 * The new government in South Vietnam was led by Ngo Dinh Diem; new government began removing and attacking northern supporters from the Area. It led the creation of the NFL by Ho Chi Minh, attempting to overthrow Diem. Diem began losing popularity for his brutality. Since the corruption of the Diem Regime was so obvious, the U.S. seen no hope in them fighthing off the communists.
 * [[image:http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRZLg8aZUdVQsBtCCr8XgSsVMNpbRuRV2rRmI1GT6Rw8txauXrr&t=1 caption="Ngo Dinh Diem"]]


 * 1963: **Diem's Assasination**
 * President Kennedy issued a secret mission assasinating Diem and over throw the southern government. It was sucessful, however, the new south government established was no less corrupted than Diem's.


 * **1964 - 1965: Johnson's Decision for War**
 * As L.B.Johnson had became president, In his first months in office he expanded the troops in Vietnam by over 10,000. In August 1964, the president reported that American patrols had been attacked at Gulf of Tonkin. WIth little oppositions, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution protecting American forces and prevent more attacks in Vietnam. The resolution became the official "Excuse" to go to war with the communist Vietnamnese.


 * **1965 - 1968: America in the Vietnam War**
 * By Spring of 1966,Bombing became a major part of the war, factories, roads, bridges, railroads, shipyards, and the Ho Chi Minh Trial connecting Cambodia. However, the bombing was not necessarily effective, and the bombing had not defeat their wills to continue struggle. Domestic anti controversies were divided among the ways to negotiate for peace. The pacification programs never was put to action, and the fighting did not seem to be neither winning or losing. However, Johnson did not want to give up America's "credibility" in the world.


 * **1968: American Traumas**
 * The Tet offensive in January, the north launched an large attack on the south, and a couple of major cities fell in the hands of communists. The horrifying scenes were broadcasted through television, which became a traumatic experience for the Americans, the desire for anti-war became more obvious.
 * [[image:http://www.danielyeow.com/wp-content/uploads/vietnam_war.jpg width="416" height="314" caption="THe Traumatic Picture"]]
 * **1970: Cambodia**
 * American milltary leaders over threw the existing Cambodian government and was replaced by a new Pro-American government.


 * **1971: The Pentagon Papers**
 * New York Times published excerpts leaked from the government written during the Johnson administration, exposing the real attempt of the war : to protect America's reputation in the world. More, governors of higher ranks began leaking other's scandals.


 * **1972: Richard M. Nixon and the War**
 * Richard M. Nixon was elected president. The "Honored Peace" proposed by him did not more than removing troops from Vietnam. He first tried to decrease the domestical anti-war opposition by changing the way of conscription, soon under pressure he removed more than 8/9s of the troops in Vietnam. On Apr 30, the invasion and bombing of Cambodia began with the agreement from the new pro-American cambodian government, led large protests and marches in Washington and across the nation. Those were not the only protests by the anti-war groups; The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was repealed by congress, America had no reason then to continue the war, however, Nixon was ignorant towards that action.


 * **December 1972: Negotiation for Peace**
 * Kissinger began negotiations with Northern Vietnam leaders, both sides accepted the cease fire, however, the disagreements on the whether or not communist government made the talk broke off. After the broke off, another series of bombing began.


 * **Jan 27, 1973: Cease Fire**
 * Both nation signed the cease fire in Paris. America would not intervene on the reunion of Vietnam.


 * **March 1975: Defeat of America in Indochina - Fall of Saigon**
 * After the final ones from the American government fled Vietname, Northern troops marched into Saigon, renaming the capital, and reunite Vietnam into one communist nation.

Chapter 32 Preview

 * New left - new democrats
 * Counter culture: going against the traditional values
 * Indian in the millitary
 * Indian Civil Rights Movement - Perhaps infuenced by the African American
 * More active Latinos
 * Gay liberation
 * New Feminism - Women wages remianed low, political and economic sucess, abortion contronversy
 * New enviromental science, development and earth day
 * America and Chinese dioplomatic issues
 * Peak of inflation at the 1980s
 * Watergate Scandal - resign of Nixon

The New Left / The Counterculture

 * The New Left**: The population of the post war youth in the 1970's who demanded causes for minority groups and 'liberation' of America, held similar ideas to the democratic party.
 * Some parents were radical democrats, had critical views on politics and society
 * Some ideas were drew from communist ideas (Marx), but very few
 * Suppoerted the causes of African Americans, drawn ideas from the civil rights movement.
 * Demanded a freedom of speech rights on campus
 * Protested on school campus against rules and policies that were considered corrupted


 * The Counter Culture:** The culture of the new youth denying and protesting against the traditional culture.
 * The hippies: Dressed in ways (flaunted long hair, rebellious speech different from tradition)
 * Use of drugs and alcolhol, hallucinogens
 * Birth control pills and legalized abortion
 * Rejected many traditional values of the mainstream middle class
 * More Rock 'n' Roll influence, such as the Beatles and Rolling Rocks, showing their frustration and anger towards the society. [[image:http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/hippies.jpg width="320" height="360" caption="Hippies of the 1970's and 1960's"]]

24: The 1950s a) Emergence of the modern civil rights movement b) The affluent society and "the other America" c) Consensus and conformity: suburbia and middle-class America d) Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels e) Impact of changes in science, technology, and medicine

__Since 1960__ 25: The Turbulent 1960s a) From the New Frontier to the Great Society b) Expanding movements for civil rights c) Cold War confrontations: Asia, Latin America, and Europe d) Beginning of Détente e) The antiwar movement and the counterculture

26: Politics and Economics at the End of the Twentieth Century a) The election of 1968 and the "Silent Majority" b) Nixon's challenges: Vietnam, China, Watergate c) Changes in the American economy: the energy crisis, deindustrialization, and the service economy d) The New Right and the Reagan revolution e) End of the Cold War

27: Society and Culture at the End of the Twentieth Century a) Demographic changes: surge of immigration after 1965, Sunbelt migration, and the graying of America b) Revolutions in biotechnology, mass communication, and computers c) Politics in a multicultural society

28: The United States in the Post-Cold War World 

a) Globalization and the American economy b) Unilateralism vs. multilateralism in foreign policy c) Domestic and foreign terrorism d) Environmental issues in a global context

Women's Rights and Liberation

 * Central Issues Regarding Women's Rights:**
 * Cult of Domesicity
 * Republican Motherhood
 * Dependence of men
 * Women's Suffrage
 * Workplace Descrimination
 * Limited Access to Education
 * Limits to Millitary Services
 * Demanding Equal Rights
 * Access to Higher Level Professions
 * Limited Access to the Political World
 * Low Social Status
 * Controversy over Abortion
 * Liberation challenging Sexism
 * Same Wage as Men
 * Remained in Low wages out of all working forces
 * On the Home Front
 * Land, Business, Inheritance Ownership
 * Divorce
 * Domestic violence, Abuse
 * Arranged Marriage

Changes and Rights for Women in the 1960's

 * Feminine Mystique - Comfortable Concerntration Camp ( Middle Class Wives )
 * New Feminism
 * Equal Pay Act
 * Failure of the Equal Rights Amendment
 * NOW
 * Legal Abortion
 * Created Stores and centers for womrn
 * Universities open to Women
 * Women being appointed supreme court judges
 * Provided with Athletic Programs


 * Feminism:** Series of movements defining equal economic, social, political rights for women.

Freed from constrains of social expectations Free to make their choices in life regardless of society.
 * Women's Liberation**

Abortion - Roe v. Wade
No Abortion 3 months after pregnancy

- 7 - 2 Decision - Right to Privacy - Pro choice v. Pro Life - When does life starts

Chapter 32 Top 10

 * New Left :** The American youths of the postwar era, uprising and protesting against the conservative policies; holding the similar views with the liberal democrats;
 * Counter Culture :** Youths of America began rebelling againsts the mainstream middle class culture. Dressed as hippies and the growing influence of rock music showing their anger and frustration towards society.
 * Indian Civil Rights :**
 * Hispanic Civil Rights :**
 * New Feminism :** Equal pay for equal work, eliminating workplace descrinmination
 * Roe v. Wade :** Controversy over abortion wherther to be pro life or pro choice
 * Ecological Science :** First earthday and concerns for the pollution
 * Fall of Saigon :** After the fled of the American troops in Vietnam, the Northern troops invaded Saigon and reunited into an communist nation
 * Nixon Doctrine :** " Participate in the defense and development of allies and friends "
 * Watergate Scandal :** Nixon spying on the democratic party convention and led to resination of the president. Ford pardoned Nixon.


 * Richard M. Nixon 1969 - 1974 California, Republican**


 * Plan to end the War in Viet, to keep war going
 * Most shameful downfall of any president
 * Congress, Senator, Vice President
 * Presdency to punish enemies and reward friends
 * Paranoid person, obsess with power
 * Decided to bomb Cambodia and invade Laos
 * Triangular diplomacy - Viet v. Russia v. China
 * First president to visit China in Feb 1972
 * Believed president is above law
 * Resigned before charged by congress
 * Only president to resign
 * Followed by Ford


 * Gerald R. Ford 1974 - 1977 Republican**
 * Frustrated in his inability to deal with Watergate and economy
 * Pardoned Nixon
 * "Leave my country better than I found"

Chapter 33

 * Domestic Affairs || International Affairs ||
 * * Pardon of Nixon by Ford
 * Major increase in interest rates 20%
 * The rise of the New Right
 * Neo-Conservatives - Former liberals
 * Populist Conservatives - Concern the poors
 * Sagebrush Rebellion - demanded open land for development
 * Iran Contra Scandal
 * The Fiscal Crisis - debts over 3.5 Trillion
 * Major Recession in 1990 || * (Carter) Camp David Accords: Peace treaty with Egypt and Isareal
 * Iranian Revolution
 * SDI: Defense of the US, however, the Soviets insisted they would promise an arm control if the US abandons the SDI
 * Reagan Doctrine: America would support any nation struggling against communism despite whether the Soviet Union was related.
 * Dissolving of the Soviet Union
 * Tiananmen demonstration
 * The first Gulf War ||

Reaganomics:

 * High taxation left too little to invest
 * Supply Side economics - Focus on supplies (Businesses)
 * Deregulation
 * Reduce taxation and encourage investments
 * (Income taxes, cooperate taxes), then be able to invest in new businesses, new employment oppurtunities
 * Cut the federal budget
 * Eased enviromental laws to encourage more developmen on lands
 * Welfare program cuts
 * Led a dramatic increase on debts
 * Trickle Down Economics - Favor the supplie sides, things would go to the other classes, all benefits, a rising tide lift all ships.

Ronald Reagan Video - Republican, 1981-1989, California

 * Former movie star
 * Oldest presideent ever elected
 * Great communicator
 * Iran Contra Affair : Denied the arm sales to Iran, avoided Criminal charged. Claimed had no knowledge about the affair
 * Government is not the solution to the problem, government is the problem
 * Building up the millitary and cut taxes, raise spending, no worries about the future
 * Does not believe government is obligated to fix social issues
 * Ended the cold war with soviet union
 * SDI - Product of Reagan's Imagination, took by USSR seriously
 * In 1987, Gorbachev teared down the Berlin War
 * Was a Fan of FDR
 * Revived Conservatism